Ocean Environment

Researchers Issue Outlook for a Significant New England 'Red Tide' in 2010

Seed Population on Seafloor Points to a large ‘Red Tide’; Impacts will Depend on Ocean Conditions and Weather

February 24, 2010

Microscopic image of Alexandrium fundyense cysts, the "seeds" that fall to the ocean bottom at the end of one season's blooms.  Under the right conditions, these cells can germinate the following year to initiate another season's blooms. 

High resolution (Credit: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Today, scientists from the NOAA-funded Gulf of Maine Toxicity project issued an outlook for a significant regional bloom of a toxic alga that causes ‘red tides’ in the spring and summer of this year, potentially threatening the New England shellfish industry.
The outlook is based on a seafloor survey of the seed-like cysts of Alexandrium fundyense, an organism that causes harmful algal blooms, sometimes referred to as ‘red tides’. Cysts deposited in the fall hatch the following spring; last fall the abundance of cysts in the sediment was 60 percent higher than observed prior to the historic bloom of 2005, indicating that a large bloom is likely in the spring of 2010.
The cyst bed also appears to have expanded to the south, so the 2010 bloom may affect areas such as Massachusetts Bay and Georges Bank sooner than has been the case in past years.
Although the algae in the water pose no direct threat to human beings, toxins produced by Alexandrium can accumulate in filter-feeding organisms such as mussels and clams, which can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans who consume them. In order to protect public health, shellfish beds are monitored by state agencies and closed when toxin concentrations rise above a quarantine level. There have been no illnesses from legally harvested shellfish in recent years despite some severe blooms.

Maps showing the concentration of Alexandrium cysts buried in Gulf of Maine seafloor sediments over four years. The cyst abundance in 2009 is higher than ever observed and the Alexandrium cyst “seedbed” extends further to the south than was ever observed before.

High resolution (Credit: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Scientists are reluctant to make a “forecast” of precisely where and when the bloom will make landfall because bloom transport depends on weather events that cannot be predicted months in advance.
“Our research has shown that cyst abundance in the fall is an indicator of the magnitude of the bloom in the following year,” said Dennis McGillicuddy, a senior scientist with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and member of the Gulf of Maine Toxicity project, or GOMTOX. “Even if there is a large bloom offshore, certain wind patterns and ocean currents in the late spring and summer are needed to transport it onshore where it can affect coastal shellfish.”
This year’s bloom could be similar to the major blooms of 2005 and 2008, according to Don Anderson, a biologist with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and principal investigator of the GOMTOX study. The 2005 bloom shut down shellfish beds from Maine to Martha’s Vineyard for several months and caused an estimated $20 million in losses to the Massachusetts shellfish industry alone.
Government agencies and researchers believe that the regional-scale, seasonal outlook can be useful in preparing for contingencies. “NOAA’s goal is to provide tools to prevent, control, or mitigate the occurrence of harmful algal blooms and their impacts,” said David M. Kennedy, acting assistant administrator for NOAA’s National Ocean Service. “This advanced warning, along with updates during the season, can help state agencies prepare for monitoring harmful algal blooms and assessing public health risks.”

Early warnings can give shellfish farmers and fishermen the opportunity to shift the timing of their harvest or postpone plans for expansion of aquaculture beds. Area restaurants may also benefit from advance warnings by making contingency plans for supplies of seafood during the summer.
GOMTOX researchers regularly share their field observations and models with more than 80 coastal resource and fisheries managers in six states as well as federal entities like NOAA, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration.

Computer simulation snapshots showing the Alexandrium fundyense cell concentrations that would be produced by six different weather and oceanographic scenarios representative of 2004 through 2009.

High resolution (Credit: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, North Carolina State University)

“’Red tide’ is a chronic problem in the Gulf of Maine and states have limited resources to handle it,” said Darcie Couture, director of Biotoxin Monitoring for the Maine Department of Marine Resources. “When we get this information about the potential severity of a bloom season and the dynamics of the bloom once the season has started, then it gives us an advantage in staging our resources during an otherwise overwhelming environmental and economic crisis.”
Ruoying He, associate professor at North Carolina State University and GOMTOX member, will present data and models on the projected bloom at the 2010 Ocean Sciences Meeting today in Portland, Ore.
The GOMTOX project, funded by NOAA’s ECOHAB Program, is a collaboration of investigators from NOAA, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, North Carolina State University, University of Maine, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Rutgers University, the Food and Drug Administration, the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Maine Department of Marine Resources, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries and the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. Other support for Alexandrium studies in the Gulf of Maine is provided by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation (through the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health).
NOAA understands and predicts changes in the Earth’s environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and conserves and manages our coastal and marine resources.

What’s New?

December 2009
Groundbreaking Mussel Watch Pilot in California Receives National Media Attention
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Partner Homepages:
California State Water Resources Control Board
San Francisco Estuary Institute
Southern California Coastal Watershed Project
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Experimental Harmful Algal Bloom Forecast May Reduce Impacts to Residents
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June 2009
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National Report Provides Insight for Management of U.S. Coastal Ocean Waters
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December 2008
NOS Offices Reward Scientist for Laudatory Collaboration Efforts
Shelly Tomlinson from the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science received the 2008 NOS Peer Recognition “Rafting” Award.  She was singled out for her work with IOOS and other offices working together on NOS’s Harmful Algal Bloom Forecast System (HAB-FS), a highly collaborative cross-cutting program effort.  The purpose of the system is to provide an advanced warning of HAB events to coastal managers and the public.  As lead analyst for the western Gulf of Mexico HAB-FS system, Shelly uses software developed by CSC explicitly for the HAB-FS to analyze data and model output to provide now- and forecasts to coastal managers responsible for both public and ecosystem health.  She was also praised for contributing to IOOS’s data integration framework, and contributing to the addition of currents data into that framework, among other things.  Shelly received her award at the NOS Employee Recognition Ceremony in Silver Spring on December 9, 2008.  For more information, contact Shelly Tomlinson at (301) 713-3028 x225 or Michelle.Tomlinson@noaa.gov.
November 2008

Meeting connects Maryland water quality experts and Asian partners to minimize water quality problems in Asia
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October 2008

CCMA’s Mussel Watch Program at Risk after Completing 23rd Year of Monitoring the Nation’s Coasts
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